![]() ![]() Copper (EHC 2. 00, 1. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 2. COPPER. This report contains the collective views of an international group. United Nations Environment Programme, the. International Labour Organisation, or the World Health. Organization. Dameron and colleagues at the. National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Australia. Mr P. D. Howe, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood. United Kingdom. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations. ![]() Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and. World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of. Quick study: Archaic Period. A “cheat sheet” covering basic information about the Archaic Period and its key characteristics. Provided by Research Laboratories of. The Gemsbok is a large antelope of. The butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a vigorous, trailing, scrambling or climbing tropical legume. Its sparsely pubescent stems are sub-erect and woody at the. The Crocodilia (or Crocodylia) is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles, known as crocodilians. They first appeared 83.5 million years ago in the. Reports Contracted by TWDB. This contract report archive runs from 1984 to the present, and its reports cover a wide range of water-related technical issues. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 200 COPPER This report contains the collective views of an international group. Credit: University of East Anglia. Rabbits can be very crafty and quick. To get away from a predator, a cottontail rabbit will run in a zigzag pattern.Inter- Organization Programme for the Sound Management of. Chemicals. Errors and omissions excepted, the. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS1. Identity, physical and chemical properties. Analytical methods. Sources of human and environmental exposure. Environmental transport, distribution and transformation. ![]() Environmental levels and human exposure. Kinetics and metabolism in laboratory animals and humans. Effects on laboratory animals and in vitro test systems. Effects on other organisms in the laboratory and field. Environmental effects. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANALYTICAL. METHODS. 2. 1. Physical and chemical properties. Analytical methods. Sampling and sample preparation. ![]() Sampling. 2. 3. 1. Separation and concentration. Sample preparation. ![]() Detection and measurement. Gravimetric and colorimetric methods. Atomic absorption, emission and mass. Specialized methodologies. Speciation in water and sediments. Detection and quantification. Speciation in biological matrices. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE3. Anthropogenic sources. Production levels and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION4. Transport and distribution between media. Water and sediment. Sewage sludge inputs to land. Biodegradation and abiotic degradation. Aquatic invertebrates. Terrestrial plants. Terrestrial invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE5. Environmental levels. Water and sediment. Biota. 5. 1. 4. 1 Aquatic. Terrestrial. 5. 2. General population exposure. Food and beverages. Drinking- water. 5. Organoleptic characteristics. Copper concentrations in. Miscellaneous exposures. Occupational exposures. Total human intake of copper from all environmental. KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS6. Cellular basis of homoeostasis. Absorption in animals and humans. Transport, distribution and storage. Methods of studying homoeostasis. Analytical methods. Biochemical basis of copper toxicity. Interactions with other dietary components. Protein and amino acids. Phytate and fibre. Other interactions (molybdenum, manganese. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS7. Short- term exposure. Inhalation. 7. 2. Copper(II) sulfate. Copper chloride. 7. Repeated exposure: subchronic toxicity. Oral. 7. 3. 1. 1 Copper(II) sulfate. Copper chloride. 7. Long- term exposure chronic toxicity or carcinogenicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity. Mutagenicity and related end- points. Copper sulfate. 7. In vitro. 7. 6. 1. In vivo. 7. 6. 2. Other copper compounds. In vitro. 7. 7. Neurotoxicity. Copper sulfate. 7. Copper chloride. 7. Immunotoxicity. 7. Copper(II) sulfate. Biochemical mechanisms of toxicity. General population: copper deficiency and toxicity. Copper deficiency. Clinical manifestations of copper deficiency. Biological indicators of copper deficiency. Toxicity of copper in humans. Repeated oral exposures. Gastrointestinal and hepatic effects. Reproduction and development. Cancer. 8. 3. 3. Disorders of copper homoeostasis: populations at risk. Hereditary aceruloplasminaemia. Indian childhood cirrhosis. Idiopathic copper toxicosis, or non- Indian. Chronic liver diseases. Copper in infancy. Malabsorption syndromes. Parenteral nutrition. Haemodialysis patients. Cardiovascular diseases. Occupational exposure. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD9. Bioavailability in water. Predicting effects of copper on fish. Bioavailability of metals in sediments. Plants. 9. 2. 2. 1 Aquatic plants. Terrestrial plants. Toxic effects: laboratory experiments. Microorganisms. 9. Water. 9. 3. 1. 2 Soil. Aquatic organisms. Plants. 9. 3. 2. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 3. Model ecosystems and community. Terrestrial organisms. Plants. 9. 3. 3. 2 Invertebrates. Vertebrates. 9. 4. Field observations. Aquatic organisms. Terrestrial organisms. Tolerance. 9. 4. 3. Copper fungicides and fertilizers. EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH RISKS AND EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT1. Concepts and principles to assess risk of adverse effects. Human health risks. Homoeostatic model. Evaluation of risks to human health. Exposure of general population. Occupational exposures. Essentiality versus toxicity in humans. Risk of copper deficiency. Risk from excess copper intake. General population. Occupational risks. Evaluation of effects on the environment. Concept of environmental risk assessment. Components of risk assessment process. Environmental risk assessment for copper. Aquatic biota. 1. Overview of exposure data. Overview of toxicity data. Terrestrial biota. Overview of exposure data. Plant foliar levels. Assessment of toxicity of copper in. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH. AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Environmental protection. Health protection. Environmental protection. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES. RESUME ET CONCLUSIONS. RESUMEN Y CONCLUCIONES. NOTE TO READERS OF THE CRITERIA MONOGRAPHS. Every effort has been made to present information in the criteria. The EHC. monographs have become widely established, used and recognized. PCS/9. 0. 6. 9, Geneva, World. Health Organization). The selection of chemicals has been based on the. Observers do not. Task Group members. Such a procedure ensures the transparency and. Culver, retired from Department of Medicine, University. Califomia, Califorma, USA. Professor H. Dieter, Institute for Water, Soil and Air Hygiene. Federal Enviromnent Agency, Berlin, Germany. Dr R. Erickson, US Environniental Protection Agency, Duluth. Minnesota, USA. Dr G. S. Fell, Department of Pathological Biochemistry, University. Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland. Dr J. Fitzgerald, Environmental Health Branch, Public and. Envircumental Health Service, South Australian Health Commission. Rundle Mall, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Dr T. M. Florence, Centre for Environmental Health Sciences, Oyster. Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Professor J. L. Gollan, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical. School, Gastroenterology Division, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Dr R. A. Goyer, University of Western Ontario, Chapel Hill, North. Carolina, USA ( Chairman). Professor T. C. Hutchinson, Trent University, Environmental and. Resource Studies Program, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Ms M. E. Meek, Health Protection Branch, Environmental Health. Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Professor MR. Moore, National Research Centre for Environmental. Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains. Queensland, Australia ( Co- Vice- Chairman). Professer A. Oskarsson, Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of. Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Uppsala, Sweden. Dr S. Sethi, Department of Pathology, Lady Hardinge Medical College. S. M. T. Sucheta Kripalani Hospital, New Delhi, India. Dr K. H. Summer, National Research Centre for Environment and. Health, Institute of Toxicology, Neuherberg, Germany. Dr J. H. M. Terninink, Department of Toxicology, Wageningen Agricultural. University, Wageningen, The Netherlands ( Co- Vice- Chairman). Dr R. Uauy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Dr J. M. Weeks, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood. Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Dr W. J. Adams, Kennecott Utah Copper, Magna, Utah, USA (Representing. Dr K. Bentley, Department of Health and Family Services, Environmental. Health Policy, Canberra, Australia. Dr K. J. Buckett, Environmental Health Service, Health Department. Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Professor J. C. Castilla, Ecology Department, Faculty of Biological. Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Representing the Chilean Govemment). Dr C. Fortin, Commercial Chemicals Evaluation Branch, Environment. Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Dr R. Gaunt, RTZ Ltd, London, United Kingdom (Representing the. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals). Mr M. Thierry Gerschel, Tref. Imray, Environmental Health Branch, Queensland Health. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Mr C. M. Lee, International Copper Association, New York, USA. Dr E. V. Ohanian, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of. Water, US Environinental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Dr J.- P. Robin, Noranda Metallurgy lue., Occupational Health & Safety. Mc. Gill College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Representing ICME). Secretariat. Dr G. C. Becking, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Inter- regional Research Unit, World Health Organization, Research. Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA ( Secretary). Mr P. Callan, Departrnent of Health and Family Services, Environmental. Health Policy, Canberra, Australia) ( Co- rapporteur). Dr C. Dameron, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology. The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia. Mr P. D. Howe, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood, Abbots. Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom ( Co- rapporteur). Dr L. Tomaska, Australian and New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra. Australia ( Co- rapporteur). WHO TASK GROUP ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR COPPER. A WHO Task Group on Enviromnental Health Criteria for Copper met. Brisbane, Australia, from 2. June 1. 99. 6. The meeting was. Australian Commonwealth and State. Govemments through a national steering committee chaired by Dr K. Participants were welcorned by Dr G. R. In opening the meeting, Dr G. C. Becking, on behalf. Dr M. Mercier, Director of the IPCS and the three cooperating. Multi- Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC)2. Abbasov, R. K., Smakhtin, V. U.,2. 01. 2, Indexing the environmental vulnerability of mountain streams in Azerbaijan, Mountain Research and Development, 3. Report on two centuries of invasion and management of Lantana camara L. A conceptual and empirical contribution to sustainable management of global resources, Land Use Policy, 2. A case with bird community indicators, Biological Conservation, 1. Magnitude and causes of change from IPCC climate model projections, Earth Interactions, 1. Invasive plants' legacies on community and ecosystem properties, Invasive Plant Science and Management, 5, 1, 1. Bustamante, M. M., Coe, M. T., Defries, R. S., Keller, M., Longo, M., Munger, J. W., Schroeder, W., Soares- Filho, B. S., Souza Jr, C. M., Wofsy, S. C.,2. 01. 2, The Amazon basin in transition, Nature, 4. Benning GA, Ecological Modelling, 2. International lessons from Israel, Journal of the American Planning Association, 7. Water policies and the problem of land use rights, Irrigation and Drainage, 6. SUPPL. 1, 9. 5- 1. The cases of the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland, Land Use Policy, 2. Interdisciplinarities, politics, environmentalisms and reduced clearing in Amazonia, Environmental Conservation, 3. Lessons from the establishment of an out- of- town shopping centre in V. Evidence for a synergy of fuel and weather, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1. National Forests adapt to climate change through Science- Management partnerships, Climatic Change, 1. Pan- tropical modeling of REDD- bioenergy competition, Biological Conservation, 1. Governance functions for linking climate change mitigation with land use, freshwater and biodiversity protection, Ecological Economics, 7. Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Agricultural Water Management, 1. Lofty Ranges, South Australia, Agricultural Water Management, 1. A case study of Athens, Greece, Landscape and Urban Planning, 1. An experimental case- study, Urban Water Journal, 9, 1, 4. Trajectories of farm trees and effects on ecosystem services in an agricultural landscape in Eastern Germany, Land Use Policy, 2. The case of Santiago de Chile, Ecological Indicators, 2. A comparison of Ukrainian and German approaches, Environmental Earth Sciences, 6. Community values and perceptions of tree and shrub encroachment in south- eastern Australia, Landscape and Urban Planning, 1. Part 2: Socio- economic aspects and techno- economic analysis, Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2, 3, 2. Governing Australia's multifunctional rural landscapes, Australian Geographer, 4. Patterns, mechanisms, and interactions with climate change, Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 1. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 3. A remote sensing approach, Global Environmental Change, 2. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 3. Evidence from Florida, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 4. Metacercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) in a modified ozark stream system, Journal of Parasitology, 9. The case study of terrestrial gastropods, Forest Ecology and Management, 2. Aerts, J. C. J.,2. How reliable are projections of future flood damage?, Natural Hazards and Earth System Science, 1. Part II: Dependence of aerosol effects on instability, Atmospheric Research, 1. Series C: Applied Statistics, 6. Alternative ways to include locations without changes in land use change models, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2. Land use: Relating land in production to consumption, Environmental Science and Technology, 4. National Parks and challenges and opportunities for management, Ecological Applications, 2. Pinatubo, the Philippines, monitored using aster VNIR, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 3. A case study along an aridity gradient in western Burkina Faso, Plant Ecology, 2. A methodological approach, Ecological Modelling, 2. A citywide analysis, Biology Letters, 7, 5, 7. From conventional to organic agriculture, Land Use Policy, 2. A few examples from the south- eastern Alps (NE Italy), Journal of Limnology, 7. SUPPL., 1. 55- 1. Using Europe's calamitous 1. Ecological Economics, 7. An insider's view of the negotiations surrounding land use, land- use change and forestry for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 2. Exploring the extreme case of non- evaporating continents, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 1. A review of the evidence, Land Use Policy, 2. A proposal for introducing smart growth principles in a sprawling settlement within Catania Metropolitan Area, Cities, 2. An assessment, Land Use Policy, 2. Challenges for another Great Transformation, Sustainable Development, 1. Floods, fisheries and livelihoods in the Lower Rufiji floodplain lakes, Tanzania, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 5. A manifesto for research, Soil Use and Management, 2. Great Plains, 1. 88. Ecological Applications, 2. A literature survey, Remote Sensing, 3, 9, 1. Specification of a two- part model with instrumental variables, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 4. Assessing food security in Uzbekistan, Food Security, 3, 1, 5. Part I: Hydroecological status and trends, Environmental Science and Policy, 1. Ecosystem services and management in Europe under risk of climate change and land use intensification, Environmental Science and Policy, 1. Will algae- derived biodiesel perform?, Green Chemistry, 1. The economic logic of land reallocations in Chinese agriculture, Journal of Development Studies, 4. Remanence of landscapes, Resilience of areas, Resistance of people, Landscape Research, 3. Effect of the import of raw materials and land use changes, Biomass and Bioenergy, 3. Insights from Mediterranean mountain forest dominated by Abies pinsapo (Boiss.), European Journal of Forest Research, 1. Simulated changes in SOC stock from 1. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 1. The case of the Mazzarrone study area, Sicily, Geomorphology, 1. Testing the ecosystem exergy theory combining theoretical simulations and thermal remote sensing observations, Ecological Modelling, 2. Detecting elevational shifts using response curve shapes, Ecological Modelling, 2. Including carbon values in land use choices, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 1. Points for discussion on its future direction, Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 7, 2, 1. Spatial density distribution of white- lipped peccaries in a continuous Atlantic forest, Animal Conservation, 1. A GIS- based triage support tool for micro- endemics: Application to data for Mexican amphibians, Biological Conservation, 1. Quantifying and interpreting patterns of built space from different data sources, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 3. Results from a 5- year pot- experiment, Plant Ecology, 2. An introduction and overview of an emerging new science, Landscape Ecology, 2. Effective leaf area index, vegetation, and soil properties, Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, 1. An impact assessment of land use change on soil quality in Europe, Ecological Indicators, 1. Evidence from two marsupials of the Atlantic Forest, Journal of Zoology, 2. Jatropha curcas root system symmetry and potential for soil erosion control, Journal of Arid Environments, 7. Southwest, Journal of Field Archaeology, 3. BC- AD 4. 20), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 3. North America, Geology, 3. Monotheism as a modern problem in Assmann, Nancy and Blumenberg, Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, 7. A test with a novel combined modelling approach, Biological Invasions, 1. A spatially explicit hazard analysis of land use change in charlotte, Journal of the American Planning Association, 7. Kilimanjaro, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 4. A Spatial Analysis of the Determinants of Forest Cover Change in Sichuan, China, Environmental and Resource Economics, 5. Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes, Landscape and Urban Planning, 1. Uncovering the relationship between competing land uses in subdivisions, Ecological Economics, 7. A case study from Southern Italy, Hydrobiologia, 6. Part 2: Catchment response, Journal of Hydrology, 3. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 3. BP: Origin, expansion and alteration of the modern forest, Holocene, 2. An application in Southern Portugal, Forest Policy and Economics, 1. Assessing effects of land- use changes on habitat suitability for a threatened farmland bird species, Biological Conservation, 1. A synthesis of the effects of land- use transitions on plant species richness, Biodiversity and Conservation, 1. A historical comparison for France, 1. Science of the Total Environment, 4. Time. Sync - Tools for calibration and validation, Remote Sensing of Environment, 1. A case study of the Longmenshan area, Remote Sensing of Environment, 1. Watrin, O., De Souza Silva, P.,2. Land- use effects on the chemical attributes of low- order streams in the eastern Amazon, Journal of Geophysical Research G: Biogeosciences, 1. Combining models, indicators, experts and end- users in integrated land- use management support tools, Environmental Management, 4. Dynamics of Moroccan High Atlas Mountain forests using remote sensing and vegetation analysis, Forest Ecology and Management, 2. Past stand- scale structures at Siggaboda nature reserve in southern Sweden, Biodiversity and Conservation, 1. Landscape change and its political driving forces in the Limmat Valley, Switzerland 1. Landscape Research, 3. A modelling case study of headwaters in the river derwent catchment, North Yorkshire, UK, Environmental Modeling and Assessment, 1. Land. Trendr - Temporal segmentation algorithms, Remote Sensing of Environment, 1. A case study from Germany, Land Use Policy, 2. Scenario- based application for impact assessment of land- use policies, Ecological Informatics, 5, 3, 2. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 3. Coastal Plain Kandiudults, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 7.
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